Jan 31, 2025 · The power consumption of a 5G base station using massive MIMO is dominated by the power consumption of the radio units whose power amplifier(s) consume most of the
Feb 1, 2022 · The high-energy consumption and high construction density of 5G base stations have greatly increased the demand for backup energy storage batteries. To maximize overall
Jul 2, 2024 · Therefore, aiming to optimize the energy utilization efficiency of 5G base stations, a novel distributed photovoltaic 5G base station DC microgrid
Jul 1, 2024 · This paper conducts a literature survey of relevant power consumption models for 5G cellular network base stations and provides a comparison of the models. It highlights
Dec 28, 2024 · The number of 5G base stations (BSs) has soared in recent years due to the exponential growth in demand for high data rate mobile communication traffic from various
Oct 1, 2021 · Base station operators deploy a large number of distributed photovoltaics to solve the problems of high energy consumption and high electricity costs of 5G base stations. In this
May 7, 2021 · Smart Energy Saving of 5G Base Station: Based on AI and other emerging technologies to forecast and optimize the management of 5G wireless network energy
Mar 1, 2025 · In spite of promising outcomes in optimizing energy usage for Radio Access Network (RAN) Base Station (BS) hardware, deployment, and resource management, existing
Sep 30, 2024 · Recently, 5G communication base stations have steadily evolved into a key developing load in the distribution network. During the operation process, scientific dispatching
Aug 1, 2025 · Within the context of 5G, Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs) are regarded as an important network deployment strategy, employing a large number of low-power small cells to
Oct 25, 2022 · The energy consumption of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks is one of the major concerns of the telecom industry. However, there is not currently an accurate and
Jan 23, 2023 · In this paper, we present a power consumption model for 5G AAUs based on artificial neural networks. We demonstrate that this model achieves good estimation
Mar 1, 2024 · A significant number of 5G base stations (gNBs) and their backup energy storage systems (BESSs) are redundantly configured, possessing surplus capacit
Oct 17, 2021 · This paper proposes a power control algorithm based on energy efficiency, which combines cell breathing technology and base station sleep technology to reduce base station
Jun 25, 2024 · The energy consumption of 5G networks is one of the pressing concerns in green communications. Recent research is focused towards energy saving techniques of base
Apr 22, 2020 · However, the total power consumption of the 5G base station is about four times that of the 4G. Considering the high deployment density of 5G base stations, the overall power
Aug 1, 2023 · An energy consumption optimization strategy of 5G base stations (BSs) considering variable threshold sleep mechanism (ECOS-BS) is proposed, which includes the initial
Nov 20, 2024 · This paper presents the design and implementation of a cloud-based energy monitoring system specifically developed for 5G base stations, with a focus on optimizing
Mar 1, 2024 · Notably, the power consumption of a gNB is very high, up to 3–4 times of the power consumption of a 4G base stations (BSs). The substantial quantity, rapid growth rate, and high
Sep 2, 2024 · Furthermore, a multi-objective joint peak shaving model for base stations is established, centrally controlling the energy storage system of the
Aiming at minimizing the base station (BS) energy consumption under low and medium load scenarios, the 3GPP recently completed a Release 18 study on energy saving techniques for 5G NR BSs . A broad range of techniques was evaluated in terms of the obtained network energy saving (NES) gain and their impact to the user-perceived throughput (UPT).
This restricts the potential use of the power models, as their validity and accuracy remain unclear. Future work includes the further development of the power consumption models to form a unified evaluation framework that enables the quantification and optimization of energy consumption and energy efficiency of 5G networks.
1. Introduction 5G base station (BS), as an important electrical load, has been growing rapidly in the number and density to cope with the exponential growth of mobile data traffic . It is predicted that by 2025, there will be about 13.1 million BSs in the world, and the BS energy consumption will reach 200 billion kWh .
Therefore, the problem can be formulated as a minimal 5G BS energy consumption optimization model, i.e., the energy consumption reduced by reasonably switching off the idle or lightly loaded BSs and reasonably associate UEs with BSs (i.e., the BS switching state and BS-UE association state scheme).
The explosive growth of mobile data traffic has resulted in a significant increase in the energy consumption of 5G base stations (BSs).
The 5G BS power consumption mainly comes from the active antenna unit (AAU) and the base band unit (BBU), which respectively constitute BS dynamic and static power consumption. The AAU power consumption changes positively with the fluctuation of communication traffic, while the BBU power consumption remains basically unchanged , , .
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